Vast.ai Reference Architecture

Overview

Production architecture for GPU compute workflows on Vast.ai. Covers the three-tier pattern (orchestrator, GPU workers, artifact storage), job queue design, and fault-tolerant training pipelines.

Prerequisites

• Vast.ai account with CLI
• Cloud storage (S3, GCS, or MinIO) for artifacts
• Understanding of ML training pipelines

Instructions

Architecture: Three-Tier GPU Compute

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  ORCHESTRATOR (your server / CI / cloud function) │
│  - Job queue management                          │
│  - Instance provisioning via Vast.ai API         │
│  - Status monitoring and auto-recovery           │
│  - Cost tracking and budget enforcement          │
└───────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┘
                │ Vast.ai REST API
┌───────────────▼─────────────────────────────────┐
│  GPU WORKERS (Vast.ai rented instances)          │
│  - Training / inference execution                │
│  - Checkpoint saving to cloud storage            │
│  - Health reporting back to orchestrator         │
│  - Graceful shutdown on SIGTERM (spot preemption)│
└───────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┘
                │ S3 / GCS / MinIO
┌───────────────▼─────────────────────────────────┐
│  ARTIFACT STORAGE (persistent)                   │
│  - Model checkpoints                             │
│  - Training logs and metrics                     │
│  - Dataset cache                                 │
│  - Final model artifacts                         │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Project Structure

ml-pipeline/
  orchestrator/
    job_queue.py         # Job definition and scheduling
    provisioner.py       # Vast.ai instance lifecycle
    monitor.py           # Status polling and auto-recovery
    cost_tracker.py      # Budget enforcement
  worker/
    Dockerfile           # GPU worker image
    train.py             # Training entry point
    checkpoint.py        # Cloud storage checkpoint manager
    health.py            # Report status back to orchestrator
  config/
    gpu_profiles.yaml    # GPU selection criteria per job type
    budgets.yaml         # Cost limits per team/project
  scripts/
    deploy.py            # CLI for launching jobs
    cost_report.py       # Spending analysis

GPU Profile Configuration

# config/gpu_profiles.yaml
profiles:
  dev-test:
    gpu_name: RTX_4090
    num_gpus: 1
    max_dph: 0.25
    reliability_min: 0.90
    max_duration_hours: 2

  training-standard:
    gpu_name: A100
    num_gpus: 1
    max_dph: 2.00
    reliability_min: 0.98
    max_duration_hours: 24

  training-distributed:
    gpu_name: H100_SXM
    num_gpus: 4
    max_dph: 4.00
    reliability_min: 0.99
    max_duration_hours: 48

  inference-batch:
    gpu_name: RTX_4090
    num_gpus: 1
    max_dph: 0.15
    reliability_min: 0.95
    max_duration_hours: 4

Checkpoint Manager Pattern

import boto3, os, json, time

class CheckpointManager:
    def __init__(self, bucket, prefix, interval_steps=500):
        self.s3 = boto3.client("s3")
        self.bucket = bucket
        self.prefix = prefix
        self.interval = interval_steps

    def save(self, model, optimizer, step, metrics):
        if step % self.interval != 0:
            return
        checkpoint = {
            "model_state": model.state_dict(),
            "optimizer_state": optimizer.state_dict(),
            "step": step, "metrics": metrics,
            "timestamp": time.time(),
        }
        path = f"{self.prefix}/checkpoint-{step}.pt"
        torch.save(checkpoint, f"/tmp/checkpoint-{step}.pt")
        self.s3.upload_file(f"/tmp/checkpoint-{step}.pt", self.bucket, path)

    def load_latest(self):
        objects = self.s3.list_objects_v2(Bucket=self.bucket, Prefix=self.prefix)
        if not objects.get("Contents"):
            return None
        latest = max(objects["Contents"], key=lambda o: o["LastModified"])
        self.s3.download_file(self.bucket, latest["Key"], "/tmp/latest.pt")
        return torch.load("/tmp/latest.pt")

Output

• Three-tier architecture (orchestrator, GPU workers, artifact storage)
• Project structure for ML pipeline on Vast.ai
• GPU profile configuration per job type
• Checkpoint manager with cloud storage integration

Error Handling

Resources

• Vast.ai REST API
• PyTorch Distributed

Next Steps

For multi-environment configuration, see vastai-multi-env-setup.

Examples

Simple pipeline: Orchestrator searches for offers matching training-standard profile, provisions instance, uploads data via SCP, runs training, saves checkpoints to S3, destroys instance.

Fault-tolerant training: Worker saves checkpoint every 500 steps to S3. On preemption, orchestrator provisions replacement and worker resumes from latest checkpoint.